While often miscast as mysterious or hard to understand,catsare actually excellent communicators. In fact, infree-ranging cat coloniesphysical fights are kept to a minimum through clever use ofbody posturing, scent exchange and vocalisations.

Cats have alsoadapted their communicationfor humans. For instance, adult cats don’t usually meow at each other. But when around people, cats meow a lot, suggesting they have adapted this vocalisation for communicatingwith humans.

And it’s not just the meow. Cats have a wide vocal repertoire forconveying different meaningseven for specific people. Bonded cats and humans often develop their own communication repertoires, similar to having a uniquedialect.

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Cats can understand human communication too. Studies show cats know theirown names and the names of their companionsand can recognisehuman emotionseven changing their own behaviour in response.

Despite all this, humans still routinely misunderstand cats. Our new study,published in Frontiers in Ethologyshows just how little people understand the cues cats give. Try the quiz below to see how wellyouspeak cat.

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What we did

We asked 368 Australian participants to watch videos of human — cat play interactions. But not all the videos were “play” for the cat. Only half of the cats were playing, while the other half were actually showing signs they didn’t want to play, or were feeling stressed by the interaction.

After each video, participants were asked if they thought the interaction was overall positive or negative for the cat, based only on the cat’s behaviour. They were then asked howtheywould interact with the cat in the video they had just seen.

How well do you speak cat?

Watch the short videos below and decide: is the cat feeling positive or negative about the interaction? Remember to base your answers only on the cat’s behavior.

What did our study find?

Results showed that participants struggled to recognize negative cues indicating discomfort or stress in cats.

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For videos of cats who weren’t playing and were showing subtle negative cues (such as sudden tension in the body or avoiding touch), participants only recognized the negative cues about as well as chance (48.7%).

Even when participants watched videos of cats showing overt negative cues like hissing, biting or trying to escape, they still incorrectly categorised these as positive 25% of the time.

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Recognizing when a cat is stressed is only the first step. We also need to know how to respond to these cues.

Even when participants did successfully recognize negative cues, they often chose to engage with the cat in ways that would cause stress and increase the risk of human injury, such as stroking, belly rubbing and playing with hands.

Stress is unhealthy

Stress can have serious consequences. Cats who experience regular or prolonged stress (including from unwanted interactions like those in the negative videos) are at higher risk of heath issues such asbladder inflamation.

They’re also likely to develop behaviours people find problematic, such asincreased aggressionor urinating outside of the litter tray. In turn, these behaviors increase risk of the cat beingeuthanised or rehomed.

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Cat stress is bad for humans, too. If a person doesn’t heed early warning signs, the cat may bite or scratch,depositing bacteriaand microorganismsdeep into the skin.Rapid infection follows 30% – 50%of cat bites.

If not treated promptly, it can lead to serious complications includingsepsis, chronic health issues and even death. Cat bites and scratches can also transmit zoonotic diseases such ascat scratch disease.

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How to play safely with cats

Watch for early warning signs a cat isn’t enjoying themselves and stop if you notice any. By the time cues are obvious, cats are already experiencing distress.

Early warnings include turning away, dodging or blocking attempts to touch, flinching, body tension, ears back or to the side, lip/nose licking and tail thrashing, slapping or tucking.

Touch

Avoid sensitive areas such as the belly, paws or the base of the tail. Cats prefer to be touched on the head and neck.

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Avoid using hands to play. It teaches cats that hands are toys, and increases the risk of accidental injury. Instead, use toys that keep your face and hands away, such as a wand toy with a long handle.

Tail

Tail movements aren’t always a negative sign — they just mean the cat is emotionally stimulated and that could be from stress or excitement. Cats also use their tails for balance. So it’s best to consider the tail in combination with the whole body and the context.

Changes in tail movements can also give important clues to the cat’s mood. Generally, the bigger the movement, the intense the feeling. So, if the movements start to get bigger or faster during play, or if a tail goes from relaxed to swishing when you touch, that might be a sign to back off.

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Ears

Cats’ ears are like antennas that swivel and adjust to pinpoint sound, but they can also give us a clue to how they are feeling. If the ears move for a moment and then return to a relaxed position, that usually means they’re listening to the world around them. If the ears remain flattened and back, that’s a sign of distress.

Vocalisations

Trilling and chirruping both suggest a playful cat, while hissing, growling and yowling all indicate stress. Purring might seem positive but may indicate a cat is stressed and trying to self soothe.

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Let them be

When early warnings don’t work, cats may show overt signs such as hissing, growling, trembling, hiding and, ultimately, biting or scratching.

If you notice warning signs, give the cat plenty of space. When stressed, cats don’t like being touched or having people too close. If the cat comes back and re-initiates contact, that’s a good sign they’re comfortable, but keep watch for warning signs returning.

If you pay attention to your cat’s behavior and give them space when they need it, with a bit of practice you might just become fluent in cat.

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This edited article is republished fromThe Conversationunder a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article.